ABSTRACT
Background and Aim: One of the most important characteristics of a leader is the ability to understand the ethical concepts and standards of management. The aim of this study was to evaluate the status of ethical leadership among the educational managers in Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences
Material and Method: In this descriptive-analytical study, we evaluated the viewpoints of 92 faculty members and 26 directors of educational departments and educational deputies of hospitals and schools by using two standard questionnaires. Using SPSS Ver.19 software, data were analyzed by chi-square and t-tests
Results: The results related to the ethical leadership domains from the viewpoints of the participants in this study [faculty members and educational staff] showed that 69.28 percent, 69.8 percent and 73.98 percent of the managers respected ethical principles, ethics in decision making and ethical behavior, respectively. There was a significant relationship between academic level and ethics in decision making [p < 0.005]. Also, 71.54 percent of educational managers believed that they have demanded justice in their decision-making
Conclusion: The results of this study suggested that although the status of the university is relatively appropriate in the domains of ethical management, but its effect on labor productivity and other communication variables is not clear. Therefore, further studies on this subject are recommended
ABSTRACT
Background: Human group A rotaviruses are the most common cause of severe diarrhea among children <5 years of age worldwide. Rotaviruses are widely present in environmental water. The aim of this study was to detect the human group A rotaviruses in urban sewage, hospital sewage and river water samples in Alborz province using ELISA method
Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out on 76 samples collected from both influent and effluent water of 4 sewage treatment systems, hospital sewage, Karaj and Baraghan rivers in Alborz province. All samples were concentrated using pellet method. Afterwards, human group A rotaviruses were detected using ELISA method
Results: In total, rotaviruses were identified in 6 samples [7.89 percent] using ELISA method. Three positive samples [50 percent] were related to the raw sewage influent and three positive samples [50 percent] were related to the Karaj river. The frequency of rotavirus detection in summer, autumn and winter was 1 sample [16.66 percent], 3 samples [50 percent] and 2 samples [33.33 percent], respectively
Conclusion: This study showed the contamination of environmental water by human group A rotaviruses. Therefore, it is necessary to constantly monitor sewage treatment systems and river water for detecting rotaviruses
ABSTRACT
In the recent decade, the reverse genetics method has been broadly used for rescue of negative-stranded RNA viruses from cDNA or viral minigenomes. This technique has been applied to study different steps in virus replication and virus-host interactions. Reverse genetics could also be implemented for design of new vaccines. The T7 RNA polymerase activity as well as virus [nucleocapsid protein] N, [phosphoprotein] P and [Large] L proteins are necessary to rescue the virus or viral minigenome. Measles virus is a negative-stranded non-segmented RNA virus. There are useful vaccine strains to prevent measles disease. Here, we describe the construction of a new helper cell line for rescue of measles virus minigenome. The helper cell line stably expresses T7 RNA polymerase as well as measles virus N and P proteins by tricistronic mRNA. Materials and Methods: For rescue of measles virus minigenome a stable helper cell line by using tricistronic expression vector was developed which expressed T7 RNA polymerase as well as measles virus N and P proteins. To construct the tricistronic expression vector, T7 RNA polymerase gene was cloned after cytomegalovirus [CMV] promoter and measles virus N and P proteins were under control of IRES [internal ribosome entry site] sequences. Our results indicated that measles virus minigenome could be rescued in this constructed helper cell line. Through this system, the measles virus minigenome was rescued. Further studies are necessary to improve the rescue efficiency. This may be possible by replacing the CMV promoter with the T7 promoter
ABSTRACT
Recently, the use of T7 RNA polymerase instead of other viral and cellular promoters is increasing due to high efficacy of transcription in the cell cytoplasm by this polymerase. In order to translate the transcripts produced by T7 RNA polymerase in mammalian cell lines, it is necessary to include Internal Ribosome Entry Site [IRES] sequences. In addition, if sequence of poly A signal would be included after interested gene, the rate of expression could be increased in the cells. For expression of eGFP in HEK-293 and T7-BHK cells by T7 RNA polymerase, the sequence of eGFP as well as IRES sequences upstream of eGFP gene and poly A signal were inserted into a pUC57 plasmid. On the other hand, gene of T7 RNA polymerase was cloned into modified pIRES2-EGFP plasmid. Then, the constructed plasmids were transfected into HEK-293 cells. T7-BHK cell was used for control of T7 RNA polymerase activity. Our results showed that using T7 RNA polymerase for expression of foreign genes in mammalian cell lines is highly efficient. Highly efficient eGFP expression in HEK-293 cells showed that T7 RNA polymerase could be used for cytoplasmic RNA transcription such as production of anti-cancer proteins and oncolytic viral genomic RNA by reverse genetics